Nā huahana

I ka nui o nā holoholona i loaʻa i nā chromosomes sex X a me Y, hoʻohana ʻia nā mīkini chromosome-ākea no ke kaulike ʻana i ka hōʻike gene X-linked i nā kāne a me nā wahine.I ka lele Drosophila melanogaster, ua hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ke ʻano hana uku i nā transgenes pili X.ʻOi aku ma mua o 70 mau laina transgenic o Lucilia cuprina sheep blowfly o Australia i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻomohala i nā maʻi kāne wale nō no kahi papahana hoʻokele genetic o kēia mea ʻino nui o nā hipa.Loaʻa nā laina āpau i kahi gene marker protein fluorescent i hōʻike ʻia.Ma nā laina X-linked 12 a pau, hōʻike ʻia nā larvae wahine i ka ʻōlinolino ʻoi aku ka mālamalama ma mua o nā ʻōpala kāne, e manaʻo ana ʻaʻole i uku ʻia ke ʻano marker.Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia e ka quantitative RT-PCR no nā laina i koho ʻia.No ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā ua uku ʻia nā genes endogenous X-linked, ua hoʻokaʻawale mākou i nā genes 8 i orthologs o nā genes i ka hā o ka chromosome i D. melanogaster.Hōʻike nā hōʻike hou i ka D. melanogaster fourth chromosome, a i ʻole Muller element F, ʻo ia ka chromosome X kupuna ma Diptera i hoʻi hou i kahi autosome i nā ʻano Drosophila.Hōʻike mākou ma ka quantitative PCR o ke kāne a me ka wahine DNA e noho ana 6 o ka 8 linkage group F genes ma ka X chromosome ma L. cuprina.Ua ʻike ʻia nā genes Muller element F ʻelua he autosomal ma L. cuprina, ʻoiai ua loaʻa ʻelua mau genes Muller element B ma ka māhele like o ka chromosome X me nā L. cuprina orthologs o ka D. melanogaster Ephrin a me nā genes gawky.ʻIke mākou ua ʻike like ʻia nā genes chromosome L. cuprina X i nā kāne a me nā wahine (ʻo ia hoʻi, uku ʻia ka nui o ke ʻano).No laila, ʻaʻole like me Drosophila, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Lucilia dosage compensation system kahi kikoʻī no nā genes endogenous i ka X chromosome a ʻaʻole hiki ke koho ʻia e nā transgenes i hiki mai nei.